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Study explores how Dutch and EU circular economy policies and initiatives may impact lowincome countries. The interdependence of value chains in a highly globalized economy and the continuing vulnerability of low-income countries are evident in current research and debates. The potential environmental effects are mainly positive, driven by smarter use of resources both upstream and downstream. However, from a socio-economic perspective the effects are more uncertain and examples indicate both positive and negative impacts. The study visualises and highlights the most important countries involved in these value chains.